We suggest that several characteristics of these reef-dwelling fossils are best explained if the fossils are identified as sponge-grade metazoans.ĭiverse morphology of the Trezona Formation fossils.a–g, Outcrop photographs from the Trezona Fm showing the range of skeletal morphologies in fossil debris onlapping and draping a stromatolite bioherm (under the hammer in a).b depicts tabular beige stromatolite flake breccia in the lower left mixing with distinctive red fossil debris in the upper right.
Our reconstructions show a population of ellipsoidal organisms without symmetry and with a network of interior canals that lead to circular apertures on the fossil surface. From these images we constructed three-dimensional digital models of the fossils. Instead, we have traced cross-sections of individual fossils by serially grinding and scanning each sample at a resolution of 50.8mum. The Trezona Formation fossils pre-date the oldest known calcified fossils of this size by 90million years, and cannot be separated from the surrounding calcite matrix or imaged by traditional X-ray-based tomographic scanning methods.
These weakly calcified fossils occur as anvil, wishbone, ring and perforated slab shapes and are contained within stromatolitic limestones. Here we describe millimetre- to centimetre-scale fossils from the Trezona Formation, which pre-dates the Marinoan glaciation. In South Australia, the rocks left behind by the glaciations are separated by a succession of limestones and shales, which were deposited at tropical latitudes. The Neoproterozoic era was punctuated by the Sturtian (about 710 million years ago) and Marinoan (about 635million years ago) intervals of glaciation.
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